The three nations that form the North American Trade Agreement (Canada, the United States of America, and Mexico) are compared with two European nations: Germany and Denmark. The purpose is to identify what factors have a more significant incidence on their level of development. Since it is a dynamic analysis, it is possible to identify trends of the variables in consideration and it is up to the reader to combine two or more graphs to gather more comprehensive conclusions.
The first three nations mentioned, together account for one of the largest economic regions in the world, with a combined GDP representing 28% of the world’s economy, with only 6% of its population and 16 percent of the world’s land territory. There are disparities between them, like the level of education and as a consequence the income levels of their populations and their welfare. Two of them have a fully developed economy; one is emerging albeit currently with difficulties. Two of them declared their independence centuries ago; one severed its colonial ties less than four decades ago while staying part of a Commonwealth realm, as a federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy.
The European nations -chosen arbitrarily- are leading in various fields: The Federal Republic of Germany with its financial muscle is the main economic engine of the European Union, a major force in technology and innovation, a leading exporter of goods and services, with a population of over 84 million inhabitants. The Kingdom of Denmark, with a population under 6 million inhabitants and its two autonomous territories is seen by many as a role model in terms of the welfare of its population.
Access to this report is free with the intention to entice readers to subscribe and enjoy our premium content.
Macroeconomics
Graph 1
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Graph 2
Measure: billion U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single-year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
Graph 3
Measure: U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2011 international dollars.
Graph 4
Measure: index points
Source: OECD
Definition: The index sets the level of GDP per hour worked in the U.S. to 100 and uses it as basis to compare other countries. Countries with an index greater (smaller) than 100 have greater (lower) labor productivity than the U.S. The GDP used in the calculation is adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity to account for price differences across countries.
Graph 5
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and “work in progress.” According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.
Graph 6
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Inflation, as measured by the consumer price index, reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.
Graph 7
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Graph 8
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
Graph 9
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and the compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in-kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not residents and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.
Graph 10
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.
Graph 11
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.
Graph 12
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.
Graph 13
Measure: percent
Source: International Monetary Fund
Definition: Expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency and GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector. The series includes actual historical values for past years and forecast values for the current and the next few years.
Graph 14
Measure: percent
Source: International Monetary Fund
Definition: Year-on-year percentage changes in end-of-period consumer prices. The series includes actual historical values for past years and forecast values for the current and the next few years.
Governance
Graph 15
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index for Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.
Graph 16
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index of Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.
Graph 17
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index for Control of Corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as capture of the state by elites and private interests.
Graph 18
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index of Regulatory Quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.
Graph 19
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index for Voice and Accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which the citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
Graph 20
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among others.
Graph 21
Measure: points
Source: Transparency International
Definition: The Corruption Perceptions Index is an indicator of perceptions of public sector corruption, i.e. administrative and political corruption. The indicator values are determined by using information from surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions.
Graph 22
Measure: points
Source: The Freedom House
Definition: The Political Rights ratings from the Freedom House evaluate three categories: electoral process, political pluralism and participation, and the functioning of government. The index ranges from 1 (strong rights) to 7 (weak rights).
Graph 23
Measure: points
Source: The Freedom House
Definition: The Civil Liberties index from the Freedom House evaluate the following: freedom of expression and belief, associational and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy and individual rights. The rating ranges from 1 (strong liberties) to 7 (no liberties).
Graph 24
Measure: points
Source: The World Economic Forum
Definition: The Global Competitiveness index is composed of 12 pillars of competitiveness: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT adoption, Macroeconomic stability, Health, Skills, Product market, Labor market, Financial system, market size, Business, dynamism, and Innovation capability.
Graph 25
Infrastructure
Measure: percent
Source: Medina and Schneider (2018)
Definition: The shadow economy as percent of total annual GDP. Detailed methodology of the estimations can be obtained from the following International Monetary Fund working paper by Leandro Medina and Friedrich Schneider (2018): Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?
Graph 26
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.
Graph 27
Measure: subscribers per 100 people
Source: The International Telecommunication Union
Definition: Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.
Graph 28
Measure: percent
Source: International Telecommunication Union
Definition: Mobile network coverage measures the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of a mobile cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile cellular signal by the total population.
Graph 29
Measure: kilobits per second
Source: International Telecommunication Union
Definition: International Internet bandwidth is the sum of the capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).
Graph 30
Measure: million passengers
Source: The International Civil Aviation Organization
Definition: Air passengers carried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country.
Graph 31
Measure: points
Source: World Economic Forum
Definition: The Quality of port infrastructure indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of port facilities in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for port infrastructure quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the port facilities and inland waterways in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). For landlocked countries, the respondents are asked to rate the access to port facilities and inland waterways on a scale from 1 (impossible) to 7 (easy). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
Graph 32
Measure: points
Source: World Economic Forum
Definition: The Quality of air transport infrastructure indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of airports in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for air transport infrastructure quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the passenger air transport in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
Energy
Graph 33
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
Graph 34
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.
Graph 35
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at regional prices and total costs of production.
Graph 36
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Access to electricity is the percentage of the population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys, and international sources.
Graph 37
Measure: billion barrels
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Proved reserves of crude oil are the estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Graph 38
Measure: thousand Barrels Per Day
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Agency
Definition: Oil production, thousand barrels per day
Graph 39
Measure: thousand barrels per day
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Gasoline consumption includes the consumption of: conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline; but excludes the consumption of aviation gasoline. Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in the data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.
Graph 40
Measure: thousand barrels per day
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: The indicator estimates the volume of jet fuel consumed within a country expressed in thousand barrels per day. Jet fuel is a refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines and it includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.
Graph 41
Measure: million short tons
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Proven reserves of coal in million short tons. A short ton equals exactly 2,000 pounds or 907.18 kilograms.
Graph 42
Measure: thousand short tons
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Total primary coal production (Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale.)
Graph 43
Measure: thousand short tons
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Coal consumption includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale. It also includes net imports of metallurgical coke.
Graph 44
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Total Electricity Installed Capacity (Million Kilowatts)
Graph 45
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Annual import of electricity in billion kWh.
Graph 46
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Annual export of electricity in billion kWh.
Graph 47
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Total capacity to produce electricity from renewable resources in million kilowatts.
Graph 48
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Total Renewables Electricity Net Generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units and also excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage)
Graph 49
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Billion kilowatt-hours of electricity generated from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and natural gas.
Graph 50
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Installed capacity to produce electricity from wind in million kilowatts.
Graph 51
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Billion kilowatt-hours of electricity generated from wind.
Graph 52
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Installed capacity to produce electricity from sunlight in million kilowatts.
Graph 53
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Billion kilowatt-hours of electricity generated from sunlight.
Graph 54
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.
Graph 55
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Hydroelectric generation excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage.
Graph 56
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.
Graph 57
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Nuclear electricity net generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units)
Graph 58
Measure: million kilowatts
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Installed capacity to produce geothermal electricity in million kilowatts.
Graph 59
Measure: billion kilowatt-hours
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: Billion kilowatt-hours of geothermal electricity generated.
Agriculture
Graph 60
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
Graph 61
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).
Graph 62
Measure: billion U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Agriculture corresponds to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 1-5, while the origin of value added is determined by the ISIC, revision 3. Agriculture value added is the net output of the agriculture sector, including forestry, hunting and fishing, and cultivation of crops and livestock production, after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets and depletion and degradation of natural resources are not included in the calculation. Values are in billion U.S. dollars.
Graph 63
Measure: kg per hectare
Source: FAO
Definition: Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.
Graph 64
Measure: index points
Source: FAO
Definition: The food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value.
Graph 65
Measure: kg per hectare of arable land
Source: FAO
Definition: Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients–animal and plant manures–are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Graph 66
Measure: index points
Source: FAO
Definition: Livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool, and hides and skins.
Financial Sector
Graph 67
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+). The data are from the World bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.
Graph 68
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+). Data are from the World Bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.
Graph 69
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Domestic credit to the private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises.
Graph 70
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Domestic credit to the private sector by banks refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by other depository corporations (deposit-taking corporations except for central banks), such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits, and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises.
Graph 71
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: Total assets held by deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Assets include claims on the domestic real nonfinancial sector which includes central, state, and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector. Deposit money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits.
Graph 72
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: Bank credit is the amount of credit available to the government sector. It consists of the total amount of combined funds that are provided to the government by the bank sector.
Graph 73
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Raw data are from Bankscope. (Sum(data2025) for three largest banks in Bankscope) / (Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope). Only reported if the number of banks in Bankscope is 3 or more. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 74
Measure: Percent of total bank assets
Source: Global Financial Development Database
Definition: Percentage of the total banking assets that are held by foreign banks. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.
Graph 75
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who reported having a debit card (% age 15+).
Graph 76
Measure: interest rate points
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: Difference between the lending rate and the deposit rate. The lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and the deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits.
Graph 77
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Accounting value of bank’s net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. The numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 78
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.
Graph 79
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 80
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Accounting value of bank’s net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. The numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 81
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: The financial resources provided to the private sector by domestic money banks as a share of total deposits. Domestic money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits. Total deposits include demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks.
Graph 82
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 83
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: The ratio of the value of liquid assets (easily converted to cash) to short-term funding plus total deposits. Liquid assets include cash and due from banks, trading securities and at fair value through income, loans and advances to banks, reverse repos and cash collaterals. Deposits and short term funding includes total customer deposits (current, savings and term) and short term borrowing (money market instruments, CDs and other deposits).
Graph 84
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries’ banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
Graph 85
Measure: percent
Source: Bankscope
Definition: Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. The number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Graph 86
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Lending rate is the bank rate that usually meets the short- and medium-term financing needs of the private sector. This rate is normally differentiated according to creditworthiness of borrowers and objectives of financing. The terms and conditions attached to these rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.
Graph 87
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.
Graph 88
Measure: points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The strength of legal rights index measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The index ranges from 0 to 12 based on the methodology in the Doing Business 15-20 studies.
Graph 89
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.
Graph 90
Measure: billion U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.
Graph 91
Measure: percent
Source: The World Federation of Exchanges
Definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.
Graph 92
Measure: percent
Source: Global Financial Development Database
Definition: Stock market return is the growth rate of annual average stock market index. Annual average stock market index is constructed by taking the average of the daily stock market indexes available at Bloomberg.
Graph 93
Measure: percent
Source: Global Financial Development Database
Definition: The stock price volatility index is the 360-day standard deviation of the return on the national stock market index.
Graph 94
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Ratio of assets of mutual funds to GDP. A mutual fund is a type of managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources.
Graph 95
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income. Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP and national sources.
Graph 96
Measure: percent
Source: The International Monetary Fund
Definition: …Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by other financial institutions as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is other financial institutions’ claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics.
Innovation and Economic Freedom
Graph 97
Measure: points
Source: Cornell University, INSEAD, and the WIPO
Definition: The Global Innovation Index includes two sub-indices: the Innovation Input Sub-Index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index. The first sub-index is based on five pillars: Institutions, Human capital and research, Infrastructure, Market sophistication, and Business sophistication. The second sub-index is based on two pillars: Knowledge and technology outputs and Creative outputs. Each pillar is divided into sub-pillars and each sub-pillar is composed of individual indicators. The full report, data, and documentation are available at global innovation index.
Graph 98
Measure: percent
Source: The United Nations
Definition: Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Graph 99
Measure: percent
Source: The United Nations
Definition: Information and communication technology goods exports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods (miscellaneous).
Graph 100
Measure: million U.S. dollars
Source: The United Nations
Definition: High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Graph 101
Measure: percent
Source: The United Nations
Definition: High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
Graph 102
Measure: patent applications
Source: The World Intellectual Property Organization
Definition: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention–a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.
Graph 103
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The property rights index measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the degree to which its government enforces those laws. It also assesses the likelihood that private property will be expropriated and analyzes the independence of the judiciary, the existence of corruption within the judiciary, and the ability of individuals and businesses to enforce contracts. Higher index values denote more certain legal protection of property.
Graph 104
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The score for the Freedom of corruption index is derived primarily from Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. For countries that are not covered in the CPI the freedom from corruption score is determined by using information from internationally recognized and reliable sources. Higher index values denote lower level of corruption.
Graph 105
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The Fiscal freedom index measures the tax burden imposed by government. It is composed of three quantitative factors: the top marginal tax rate on individual income, the top marginal tax rate on corporate income, and the total tax burden as a percentage of GDP.
Graph 106
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The Business freedom index is based on 10 indicators, using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business study: Starting a business-procedures (number), time (days), cost (% of income per capita), and minimum capital (% of income per capita); Obtaining a license—procedures (number), time (days), and cost (% of income per capita); Closing a business—time (years), cost (% of estate), and recovery rate (cents on the dollar).
Graph 107
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The score for the Monetary freedom index is based on two factors: the weighted average inflation rate for the most recent three years and price controls. Higher index values denote price stability without microeconomic intervention.
Graph 108
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The Trade freedom index is based on two indicators: the trade-weighted average tariff rate and non-tariff barriers (including quantity, price, regulatory, customs and investment restrictions, and direct government intervention).
Graph 109
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The Investment freedom index evaluates a variety of investment restrictions (burdensome bureaucracy, restrictions on land ownership, expropriation of investments without fair compensation, foreign exchange controls, capital control, security problems, a lack of basic investment infrastructure, etc.). Points are deducted from the ideal score of 100 for each of the restrictions found in a country’s investment regime.
Graph 110
Measure: points
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Definition: The Financial freedom index evaluates: the extent of government regulation of financial services, the degree of state intervention in banks and other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership, the extent of financial and capital market development, government influence on the allocation of credit and openness to foreign competition. Higher index values denote banking efficiency and independence from government control and interference in the financial sector.
Graph 111
Measure: index points
Source: The Heritage FoundationDefinition: The Overall index of economic freedom has ten components grouped into four broad categories: Rule of Law; Limited Government; Regulatory Efficiency and Open Markets. The overall economic freedom is scored on a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the maximum freedom.
Demographics
Graph 112
Measure: million
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Graph 113
Measure: percent
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.
Graph 114
Measure: percent
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: Total population below the age of 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Graph 115
Measure: percent
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Graph 116
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents–people younger than 15 or older than 64–to the working-age population–those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.
Graph 117
Measure: percent
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population–people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population–that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside–are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.
Graph 118
Measure: percent
Source: United Nations Population Division
Definition: Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage . Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Health
Graph 119
Measure: U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.
Graph 120
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.
Graph 121
Measure: years
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Graph 122
Measure: births per 1000 people
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
Graph 123
Measure: births per woman
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.
Graph 124
Measure: suicides per 100,000 people
Source: The World Health Organization
Definition: Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population.
Graph 125
Measure: deaths per 100,000 births
Source: UNICEF
Definition: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on the proportion of maternal deaths among non-AIDS deaths in women ages 15-49, fertility, birth attendants, and GDP measured using purchasing power parities (PPPs).
Graph 126
Measure: deaths per 1000 live births
Source: UNICEF
Definition: Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Graph 127
Measure: deaths per 1000 births
Source: UNICEF
Definition: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.
Graph 128
Measure: hospital beds
Source: OECD
Definition: The number of hospital beds per 1,000 residents of the country.
Graph 129
Measure: doctors per 1,000 people
Source: OECDDefinition: The number of practicing physicians per 1,000 residents of the country.
Graph 130
Measure: nurses per 1,000 people
Source: OECD
Definition: Number of professional and associate professional nurses per 1,000 residents of the country.
Graph 131
Measure: scanners per million people
Source: OECD
Definition: The number of computed tomography scanners per million residents of the country.
Graph 132
Measure: MRI units per million people
Source: OECD
Definition: The number of magnetic resonance imaging units per million residents of the country.
Graph 133
Measure: mammographs per million people
Source: OECD
Definition: The number of mammographs per million residents of the country.
Inequality and Poverty
Graph 134
Measure: index points
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Graph 135
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. For economies for which the data are from EU-SILC, the reported year is the income reference year, which is the year before the survey year.
In the case of Mexico, recent data indicate that the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line has increased substantially since the López Obrador administration began. When he was sworn in, December of 2018, 42% of the population were living in poverty (52.4 million). By March 2021, that percentage had increased to 54% of the population (67 million), in part as a result of 3.8 million who were considered middle class and became poor. Even worse, in 2018, 7% of the population lived in extreme poverty (9.3 million); by March 2021, the percentage increased to 15% of the population (21 million). (These calculations are from the Research Institute for Development with Equity (Equide), a study center of the Universidad Iberoamericana, based on the figures available from CONEVAL and of the INEGI National Household Income and Expenditure Survey.) See: https://sepgra.com/mexicos-economy-second-semester-2021/
Graph 136
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles
Education
Graph 137
Measure: percent
Source: UNESCO
Definition: General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Graph 138
Measure: percent
Source: UNESCO
Definition: General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Graph 139
Measure: percent
Source: UNESCO
Definition: Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Graph 140
Measure: students per teacher
Source: UNESCO
Definition: Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in primary school.
Graph 141
Measure: percent
Source: UNESCO
Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Globalization
Graph 142
Measure: points
Source: The Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich
Definition: The overall index of globalization covers the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization. Higher values denote greater globalization. More information and the original data can be obtained here
Graph 143
Measure: points
Source: The Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich
Definition: Economic globalization has two dimensions: actual economic flows and restrictions to trade and capital. The sub-index on actual economic flows includes data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment. The sub-index on restrictions takes into account hidden import barriers, mean tariff rates, taxes on international trade (as a share of current revenue), and an index of capital controls. More information and the original data can be obtained here.
Graph 144
Measure: points
Source: The Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich
Definition: The degree of political globalization is determined by the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, the number of international organizations to which the country is a member, the number of UN peace missions a country participated in, and the number of treaties signed between two or more states. More information and the original data can be obtained here.
Graph 145
Measure: points
Source: The Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich
Definition: Social globalization has three dimensions: personal contacts, information flows, and cultural proximity. The sub-index on personal contacts includes international telecom traffic, degree of tourism, transfers, foreign population, and number of international letters. The sub-index on information flows includes number of internet users, share of households with a television set, and trade in newspapers. The sub-index on cultural proximity includes trade in books and number of McDonald’s restaurants and Ikea located in a country. More information and the original data can be obtained here.
Graph 146
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The population share of a particular country is measured as its population as percent of the total world population in a given year. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship–except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Graph 147
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: We calculated the world GDP as the sum of the GDP of all countries expressed in current USD. The share of GDP is the GDP of a particular country as percent of the world GDP. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
Graph 148
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Graph 149
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Graph 150
Graph 151
Measure: percent
Source: The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Definition: The share of world oil reserves is calculated as the proven oil reserves of a country as percent of the total proven oil reserves for the world.
Graph 152
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
Graph 153
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
Graph 154
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
Graph 155
Measure: percent
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.
Graph 156
Measure: billion U.S. dollars
Source: The World Bank
Definition: Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Graph 157
Measure: thousand tourists
Source: World Tourism Organization
Definition: International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are the number of tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. When data on number of tourists are not available, the number of visitors, which includes tourists, same-day visitors, cruise passengers, and crew members, is shown instead. Sources and collection methods for arrivals differ across countries. In some cases data are from border statistics (police, immigration, and the like) and supplemented by border surveys. In other cases data are from tourism accommodation establishments. For some countries number of arrivals is limited to arrivals by air and for others to arrivals staying in hotels. Some countries include arrivals of nationals residing abroad while others do not. Caution should thus be used in comparing arrivals across countries. The data on inbound tourists refer to the number of arrivals, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips to a country during a given period is counted each time as a new arrival.
Graph 158
Measure: million USD
Source: World Tourism Organization
Definition: International tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include receipts for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Graph 159
Measure: percent
Source: World Tourism Organization
Definition: Receipts from inbound international tourism as percent of GDP.
Graph 160
Measure: percent
Source: World Tourism Organization
Definition: Percent of total world tourist arrivals that occurred in a given country in a given year.
Graph 161
Measure: thousand tourists
Source: World Tourism OrganizationDefinition: International outbound tourists are the number of departures that people make from their country of usual residence to any other country for any purpose other than a remunerated activity in the country visited. The data on outbound tourists refer to the number of departures, not to the number of people traveling. Thus a person who makes several trips from a country during a given period is counted each time as a new departure.
Crime Statistics
Graph 162
Measure: kidnappings per 100,000 people
Source: The UN office on drugs and crime
Definition: Number of kidnappings per 100,000 people per year.
Graph 163
Measure: robberies per 100,000 people
Source: The UN office on drugs and crime
Definition: Number of robberies per 100,000 people per year
Graph 164
Measure: prisoners per 100,000 people
Source: The UN office on drugs and crime
Definition: Number of prisoners per 100,000 people.
Graph 165
Measure: thefts per 100,000 people
Source: The UN office on drugs and crime
Definition: Number of thefts incidents per 100,000 people per year.
Graph 166
Measure: homicides per 100,000 people
Source: The UN office on drugs and crime
Definition: Number of homicides per 100,000 people per year.
Graph 167
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Fragile States Index measures the vulnerability in pre-conflict, active conflict and post-conflict situations. The index comprises twelve conflict risk indicators that are used to measure the condition of a state at any given moment: security apparatus, factionalized elites, group grievance, economic decline, uneven economic development, human flight and brain drain, state legitimacy, public services, human rights and rule of law, demographic pressures, refugees and IDPs, and external intervention. The higher the value of the index, the more “fragile” the country is.
Graph 168
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Security apparatus indicator considers the security threats to a state, such as bombings, attacks and battle-related deaths, rebel movements, mutinies, coups, or terrorism. The Security аpparatus also takes into account serious criminal factors, such as organized crime and homicides, and perceived trust of citizens in domestic security. The higher the value of the indicator, the more the threats in the state.
Other Statistics
Graph 169
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Economic decline indicator considers factors related to economic decline within a country. For example, the indicator looks at patterns of progressive economic decline of the society as a whole as measured by per capita income, Gross National Product, unemployment rates, inflation, productivity, debt, poverty levels, or business failures. It also takes into account sudden drops in commodity prices, trade revenue, or foreign investment, and any collapse or devaluation of the national currency. The higher the value of the indicator, the greater the economic decline in the country.
Graph 170
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Uneven economic development indicator considers inequality within the economy, irrespective of the actual performance of an economy. The higher the value of the index, the higher the inequality in the country’s economy.
Graph 171
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for PeaceDefinition: The Human flight and brain drain indicator considers the economic impact of human displacement (for economic or political reasons) and the consequences this may have on a country’s development. The higher the index, the greater the human displacement.
Graph 172
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The State legitimacy indicator considers the representativeness and openness of government and its relationship with its citizenry. The indicator looks at the population’s level of confidence in state institutions and processes, and assesses the effects where that confidence is absent, manifested through mass public demonstrations, sustained civil disobedience, or the rise of armed insurgencies. The higher the value of the index, the lower the country’s legitimacy.
Graph 173
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Public services indicator refers to the presence of basic state functions that serve the people. This may include the provision of essential services, such as health, education, water and sanitation, transport infrastructure, electricity and power, and internet and connectivity. On the other hand, it may include the state’s ability to protect its citizens, such as from terrorism and violence, through perceived effective policing. The higher the value of the indicator, the worse the public services in the country.
Graph 174
Measure: index points
Source: Fund for Peace
Definition: The Human rights and rule of law indicator considers the relationship between the state and its population insofar as fundamental human rights are protected and freedoms are observed and respected. The higher the indicator’s value, the less protected are the human rights and the rule of law in the country.
Graph 175
Measure: percent
Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Definition: Military spending includes expenditure on peacekeeping, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities. Also: military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions; operations and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. Defense and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction, are not included.
Graph 176
Measure: percent
Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Definition: Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. This definition cannot be applied for all countries, however, since that would require much more detailed information than is available about what is included in military budgets and off-budget military expenditure items. (For example, military budgets might or might not cover civil defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police and paramilitary forces, dual-purpose forces such as military and civilian police, military grants in kind, pensions for military personnel, and social security contributions paid by one part of government to another.)
Graph 177
Measure: people
Source: International Institute for Strategic Studies
Definition: Armed forces personnel are active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if the training, organization, equipment, and control suggest they may be used to support or replace regular military forces.
Graph 178
Measure: index points
Source: World Bank International Comparison Program
Definition: The cost of living index summarizes the level of prices paid by households and non-profit organizations that provide services to households. It incorporates all goods and services in the average consumption basket with appropriate weights. The data are from the World Bank International Comparison Program.
SEPGRA Economic Analysis Group.